A stepper motor driver is an actuator that converts electrical pulses into angular displacement. When the stepper driver receives a pulse signal, it drives the stepper motor to rotate a fixed angle (called the "step angle") in a set direction, and its rotation is step by step at a fixed angle. The angular displacement can be controlled by controlling the number of pulses to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning. At the same time, the speed and acceleration of the motor rotation can be controlled by controlling the pulse frequency, thereby achieving the purpose of speed regulation and positioning.
Stepper motors are classified according to structure: stepper motors are also called pulse motors, including reactive stepping motors (VR), permanent magnet stepping motors (PM), hybrid stepping motors (HB), and so on.
(1) Reactive stepping motor: also called inductive, hysteresis or magnetoresistive stepping motor. The stator and the rotor are made of soft magnetic material. The large magnetic poles evenly distributed on the stator are equipped with multi-phase excitation windings, and the small teeth and slots are evenly distributed around the stator and the rotor. After the energization, the torque is generated by the change of the magnetic permeability. Generally three, four, five, six phases; can achieve large torque output (large power consumption, current up to 20A, high driving voltage); small step angle (minimum 10'); power off There is no positioning torque; the internal damping of the motor is small, and the single-step operation (when the pulse frequency is very low) has a longer oscillation time; the starting and running frequency is higher.
(2) Permanent magnet stepping motor: Generally, the rotor of the motor is made of permanent magnet material. The stator made of soft magnetic material has multi-phase excitation windings. There are no small teeth and slots around the stator and rotor. After energization, permanent magnets are used. The stator current magnetic field interacts to produce torque. Generally two-phase or four-phase; small output torque (less power consumption, current is generally less than 2A, driving voltage 12V); large step angle (such as 7.5 degrees, 15 degrees, 22.5 degrees, etc.); The holding torque; the starting and running frequency is low.
(3) Hybrid stepping motor: also called permanent magnet reactive type, permanent magnet induction type stepping motor, which combines the advantages of permanent magnet type and reactive type. There is no difference between the stator and the four-phase reactive stepping motor (but the two magnetic poles of the same phase are opposite, and the N and S polarities of the windings on the two magnetic poles must be the same), and the rotor structure is complicated (the inner part of the rotor is cylindrical forever) Magnet, soft magnetic material on both ends, with small teeth and grooves around). Generally two or four phases; positive and negative pulse signals must be supplied; output torque is larger than permanent magnets (less power consumption); step angle is smaller than permanent magnets (typically 1.8 degrees); Positioning torque; high starting and running frequency; a stepper motor that develops faster.
Huaqiang Electronic Network summarizes several wiring methods for stepper motor drivers. There are two ways and circuit diagrams as follows:
1. Common anode connection method, common negative connection method and differential method connection method
Common anode connection
Common cathode connection
Differential method
2, 4, 6 and 8 wire motor wiring methods
4-wire motor and 6-wire motor high speed mode: The output current is set to be equal to or slightly less than the rated current of the motor;
6-wire motor high torque mode: the output current is set to 0.7 times the rated current of the motor;
8-wire motor and connection method: the output current should be set to 1.4 times the unipolar connection current of the motor;
8-wire motor series connection: The output current should be set to 0.7 times the motor unipolar connection current.
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