Working principle of passive matrix LCD
The display principle between TN-LCD, STN-LCD and DSTN-LCD is basically the same, the difference is that the twist angle of liquid crystal molecules is somewhat different. The following takes a typical TN-LCD as an example to introduce its structure and working principle.
In a TN-LCD panel with a thickness of less than 1 cm, it is usually a plywood made of two large glass substrates with color filters, alignment films, etc.? Two polarizers are wrapped on the outside, They can determine the maximum value of luminous flux and the generation of color. The color filter is a filter composed of three colors of red, green, and blue, and is regularly made on a large glass substrate. Each pixel is composed of three color units (or sub-pixels). If a panel has a resolution of 1280 × 1024, it actually has 3840 × 1024 transistors and sub-pixels. The upper left corner (gray rectangle) of each sub-pixel is an opaque thin-film transistor, and the color filter can produce RGB primary colors. Each interlayer contains electrodes and grooves formed on the alignment film, and the upper and lower interlayers are filled with multiple layers of liquid crystal molecules (liquid crystal space is less than 5 × 10-6m). In the same layer, although the position of the liquid crystal molecules is irregular, the long axis orientation is parallel to the polarizing plate. On the other hand, between different layers, the long axis of the liquid crystal molecules is continuously twisted 90 degrees along the parallel plane of the polarizing plate. Among them, the orientation of the long axis of the two layers of liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the polarizing plate is consistent with the polarization direction of the adjacent polarizing plate. The liquid crystal molecules near the upper interlayer are arranged in the direction of the upper trench, and the liquid crystal molecules in the lower interlayer are arranged in the direction of the lower trench. Finally, it is packaged into a liquid crystal cell and connected with the driver IC, the control IC and the printed circuit board.
Under normal circumstances, when the light is irradiated from the top to the bottom, usually only one angle of light can penetrate through the upper polarizer into the groove of the upper interlayer, and then pass through the twisted arrangement of liquid crystal molecules through the lower polarizer. Form a complete light penetration path. Two polarizers are attached to the interlayer of the liquid crystal display, and the arrangement and transmission angle of the two polarizers are the same as the groove arrangement of the upper and lower interlayers. When a certain voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, due to the influence of the external voltage, the liquid crystal will change its initial state, and will no longer be arranged in a normal manner, but will become an upright state. Therefore, the light passing through the liquid crystal is absorbed by the second polarizer and the entire structure is opaque. As a result, black appears on the display screen. When no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal is in its initial state, and the direction of the incident light is twisted 90 degrees, so that the incident light of the backlight can pass through the entire structure, and the result appears white on the display screen. In order to achieve that each individual pixel on the panel can produce the color you want, multiple cold cathode tubes must be used as the backlight of the display.
The display principle between TN-LCD, STN-LCD and DSTN-LCD is basically the same, the difference is that the twist angle of liquid crystal molecules is somewhat different. The following takes a typical TN-LCD as an example to introduce its structure and working principle.
In a TN-LCD panel with a thickness of less than 1 cm, it is usually a plywood made of two large glass substrates with color filters, alignment films, etc.? Two polarizers are wrapped on the outside, They can determine the maximum value of luminous flux and the generation of color. The color filter is a filter composed of three colors of red, green, and blue, and is regularly made on a large glass substrate. Each pixel is composed of three color units (or sub-pixels). If a panel has a resolution of 1280 × 1024, it actually has 3840 × 1024 transistors and sub-pixels. The upper left corner (gray rectangle) of each sub-pixel is an opaque thin-film transistor, and the color filter can produce RGB primary colors. Each interlayer contains electrodes and grooves formed on the alignment film, and the upper and lower interlayers are filled with multiple layers of liquid crystal molecules (liquid crystal space is less than 5 × 10-6m). In the same layer, although the position of the liquid crystal molecules is irregular, the long axis orientation is parallel to the polarizing plate. On the other hand, between different layers, the long axis of the liquid crystal molecules is continuously twisted 90 degrees along the parallel plane of the polarizing plate. Among them, the orientation of the long axis of the two layers of liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the polarizing plate is consistent with the polarization direction of the adjacent polarizing plate. The liquid crystal molecules near the upper interlayer are arranged in the direction of the upper trench, and the liquid crystal molecules in the lower interlayer are arranged in the direction of the lower trench. Finally, it is packaged into a liquid crystal cell and connected with the driver IC, the control IC and the printed circuit board.
Under normal circumstances, when the light is irradiated from the top to the bottom, usually only one angle of light can penetrate through the upper polarizer into the groove of the upper interlayer, and then pass through the twisted arrangement of liquid crystal molecules through the lower polarizer. Form a complete light penetration path. Two polarizers are attached to the interlayer of the liquid crystal display, and the arrangement and transmission angle of the two polarizers are the same as the groove arrangement of the upper and lower interlayers. When a certain voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, due to the influence of the external voltage, the liquid crystal will change its initial state, and will no longer be arranged in a normal manner, but will become an upright state. Therefore, the light passing through the liquid crystal is absorbed by the second polarizer and the entire structure is opaque. As a result, black appears on the display screen. When no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal is in its initial state, and the direction of the incident light is twisted 90 degrees, so that the incident light of the backlight can pass through the entire structure, and the result appears white on the display screen. In order to achieve that each individual pixel on the panel can produce the color you want, multiple cold cathode tubes must be used as the backlight of the display.
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